| |Subject |
| |It’s always easy to |
| |It’s hard to |
| |It’s important to |
| |It gives him pleasure to |
| |It’s dangerous to |
| |It’s wise of him to |
| |It does people a lot of good to|
| | |
| |It won’t do you any harm to |
| |It has become his habit to |
| |It surprised me to |
| |It made me feel awkward to |
| |It was natural to |
|Part of a compound verbal modal |1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, |
|predicate. |to be to, to have to, should, |
| |ought, will, would, shall, need.|
| | |
| |2. Modal expressions had better,|
|Part of a compound verbal aspect|would rather. |
|(вид) predicate. |The verbs expressing the |
| |beginning, the duration, the |
| |repetition, the end of the |
| |action: to begin, to start, to |
| |commence, to continue, to cease,|
| |used to+Inf, would + Inf. |
|Part of a compound nominal |It is hard to please. |
|predicate. |She is easy to deal with. |
|predicative |She is pleasant to look at. |
|part of a predicative |The article is difficult to |
| |translate. |
| |He was difficult to convince. |
|Object(дополнение). |To order, to agree, to forget, |
| |to remember… |
| |To be glad, to be happy, to be |
| |delighted… |
| |To order, to teach, to ask. To |
| |help, to assist, to tell, to |
| |instruct, to request, to advise,|
| |to beg, to invite, to encourage…|
| | |
| |To find, to consider, to think, |
| |to make, to feel |
| |It |
| |{Interesting, necessary, |
| |impossible, cruel, useful, |
| |hopeful, hopeless} to do smth. |
|Attribute(определение). |Class nouns. |
| |Abstract nouns |
| |Experience of quantity (much, |
| |little..) |
| |Indefinite pronouns (smb, |
| |anybody…) |
| |The adjective last. |
| |Ordinal numerals ( the 1st, |
| |2nd..) |
|Adverbial modifier | |
|(обстоятельство) | |
|of purpose. |By the conjunctions in order, so|
| |as. |
| |Without any conjunction. |
|of result |Too hot (skilled, excited, |
| |shocked, frightened, impressed, |
| |angry) to do smth. |
| |Clever (experienced, skilled, |
| |strong, old, sharp, brave) |
| |enough to do smth. |
| |So cruel (impressed, careless) |
| |as to do smth. |
| |Such a man ( a fool, a woman, a |
| |son, a student, a sportsmen) as |
| |to do smth. |
|comparison (manner) (сравнение) |By the conjunctions as if, than,|
|attendant circumstances |as though. |
|(сопутствующих обстоятельств) |The adverb never, the particle |
| |only. |
|Parenthesis (вводные слова). |To cut a long story short, to |
| |put it in a nutshell (короче |
| |говоря). |
| |To say the least (чтобы не |
| |сказать больше). |
| |To tell you the truth – to speak|
| |the truth (по правде говоря). |
| |To put it mildly (мягко говоря).|
| | |
| |To say nothing of (не говоря |
| |уже) |
| |To be frank (откравенно говоря).|
|A complex object. |Without the particle to: |
| |after verbs of sense perception |
| |(to see, to hear, to watch, to |
| |observe, to notice, to feel) |
| |After verbs of compulsion |
| |(принуждение) (то make, to have).|
| | |
| |After the verb to let. |
| |Without particle to: |
| |After verbs denoting mental |
| |ability (интеллектуальные): to |
| |know, to think, to consider, to |
| |believe, to suppose, to expect, |
| |to find, to understand. |
| |After the verbs denoting |
| |declaring: to pronounce, to |
| |declare, to report; wish & |
| |intention: to want, to wish, to |
| |desire, should like, to intend, |
| |to mean; after verbs denoting |
| |feeling & emotion: to like, to |
| |dislike, to love to hate, cannot |
| |bear. |
| |After verbs denoting order & |
| |permission: to order, to allow. |
|Objective infinitive |1. After verbs denoting sense |
|construction |perception: to hear, to see, to |
| |watch, to observe, to notice, |
| |etc. |
| |(only the Indefinite Infinitive |
| |Active is used. If the meaning is|
| |passive we use Participle II) |
| |Note: to see=to understand: we |
| |don’t use the construction. |
| |To hear=to lern, to be told: we |
| |use a clause of a gerund. |
| |2.After verbs denoting mental |
| |activity: to know, to think, to |
| |consider, to believe, to suppose,|
| |to expect, to imagine, to find, |
| |to feel, to trust, etc. After |
| |them- to be( not after expect). |
| |Perfect Infinitive is seldom |
| |used. |
| |3.After verbs of declaring: to |
| |pronounce, to declare, to report.|
| | |
| |After verbs denoting wish & |
| |intention: to want, to wish, to |
| |desire, to mean, to intend, to |
| |choose. |
| |After verbs denoting feeling & |
| |emotions: to like, to dislike, to|
| |love, to hate, cannot bear, etc. |
| |After verbs denoting order & |
| |permission: to order, to allow, |
| |to suffer, to have, etc. !!! |
| |Only if the object is expressed |
| |by a noun or pronoun denoting a |
| |lifeless thing or when the |
| |infinitive is passive( not for to|
| |suffer & to have. |
| |After verbs denoting compulsion: |
| |to to make(заставить), to |
| |cause(заставить, распорядиться), |
| |to get(добиться), to |
| |have(заставить, сказать, чтобы). |
| |With the preposition for, on & |
| |upon(after to rely) |
|The Subjective Infinitive |With verbs denoting sense |
|construction. |perception: to see, to hear, |
| |etc.(If a process is expressed |
| |Participle I is used). |
| |With verbs denoting mental |
| |activity: to think, to consider, |
| |to know, to believe, to suppose. |
| |With the verb to make. |
| |With verbs to say & to report( |
| |translation-неопределённо-личное |
| |предложение). |
| |With the verbs to be likely, to |
| |be sure, to be certain. |
| |With pairs of synonyms: to seem &|
| |to appear, to happen & to |
| |chance(случайно), to prove & to |
| |turn out(оказалось). |
|The For-to-Infinitive |The Subject(often with the |
|Construction |introductory it) |
| |Predicative |
| |Complex object. |
| |Attribute. |
| |Adverbial modifier |
| |a)of purpose |
| |b)of result |
