Grammar.


NOMINAL & VERBAL NATURE:
1.Nominal:
-can  perform  the  function  of  subject(swimming  is  delightful   there),
object(I like making people happy), predicative(my favorite sport is figure-
skating.
-can be preceded by a preposition(I’m very fond of flying).
-can be modified by a noun  in  the  possessive  case  or  by  a  possessive
pronoun(Is any objection to my seeng her?)
2.Verbal:
-the gerund of transitive verbs can take  a  direct  object(I  have  made  a
progress in understanding his speech).
-can be modified by an adverb(she burst out crying bitterly)
-has tense distinctions, the gerund  of  transitive  verbs  has  also  voice
distinctions.(indefinite-he can swim without tiring,  &  perfect-she  denies
having spoken with him, passive &  active-he  liked  neithe  reading  aloud,
neither being read aloud to)
PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS:
1. Complex Subject - There is no use you telling me not to worry.
2. Complex Predicative – My idea of holiday is going to the seaside.
3. Complex Object – Perhaps you wouldn’t mind his coming in.
4. Complex Attribute – I like the idea of Michael’s going with us.
5. Complex Adverbial modifier – I went to the cinema in spite of her  having
   told me her impressions.
All forms are used. The nominal Element may be expressed:
A living being:
a) By a noun in the Possessive Case. (I like the  idea  of  Michael’s  going
   with us.
b) By a Possessive pronoun. (The  day  passed  without  her  resolving  this
   problem).
c) By a noun in the common case. When the doer of the action is  emphasized.
   -He denied Mary having done this on purpose.  When  the  nominal  element
   consists of 2 or more nouns( I insist on Mary & Kate spending their free-
   time together.
d) By a pronoun in the objective case. (Do you mind them going there?)
A lifeless thing:
a) By a possessive pronoun (he insisted  on  its  (the  letter)  being  sent
   immediately.
b) By a noun in the common case(Everything  depends  on  the  letters  being
   sent in time).
c) By pronouns all, this, that, both, each, something(I couldn’t  deny  both
   of them having had a nice holiday).
SUBJECT.
All forms are used.
IGA-It’s good your trying to find the right answer.
IGP-Their being late disappointed them.
PGA-His having lost the right way was a great disappointment to us.
PGP-Mike’s having been put in this position irritated us.
The gerund may follow a predicate – the  sentence  opens  with  introductory
it. It’s no use talking like that to me.
Introductory “there is no” – there is no deceiving him, he can read my  face
like a book.
Complex
PREDICATIVE:
Only IGA- The only remedy for such a headache is going to bed;& IGP  –  what
annoyed me most of all was his accepting their proposal quite readily.
PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE:
Aspect: IGA - In the night it started raining.
Modal: IGA – I couldn’t help playing this game, IGP – I couldn’t help  being
excited when I was told the news.
Verbs with which the g forms a CAP: keep on, go  on,  give  up,  leave  off,
burst out, finish, stop, cease, begin, start, continue.
Modal: with the modal expression can’t help.
DIRECT OBJECT:
After verbs: avoid, be  busy,  can’t  afford,  can’t  bear,  deny,  deserve,
dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy,  forget, forgive, hate,   like,  mind,  need,
postpone (откладывать),  prefer,  put  off,   recollect,  regret,  remember,
require, suggest, want.
All forms are used.
IGA – I love reading. IGP – I can’t bear being asked about my family. PGA  –
he didn’t recollect such a thing having happened to him  before.  PGP  –  He
denied the message having been sent by him.
PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT:
After: approve of, complain of, accuse of, suspect of, think of,  boast  of,
be aware of, be capable of, be fond of, be  pleased  at,  be  surprised  at,
agree to, object to, confess to, devote to, look forward to,  get  used  to,
get accustomed to, rely on, insist on, count on, depend on, feel like,  look
like, persist in, succeed in, be busy in, prevent  from,  keep  from,  thank
for, care
of.
IGA - I complained of having my letter returned. IGP –  I  insisted  on  the
parcel being sent with declared value. PGA-I suspected of  his  having  done
the homework. PGP-He complained of having been interrupted by the others.
ATTRIBUTE:
After:
 . Of: chance, habit,  idea,  trouble,  risk,  method,  way,  custom,  fear,
   manner, means, problem, necessity, possibility,  pleasure,  right,  hope,
   intention, importance, effort, feeling, sound, gift,  sign.(he  was  born
   with the gift of winning hearts).
 . For: instruction,  apology,  explanation,  reason,  preparation,  excuse,
   plan.(I have no instruction for using it).
 . In: experience, use, skill, interest, sense, harm, difficulty. (I have no
   experience in doing such kind of work).
 . At: Astonishment,  disappointment,  surprise.  He  couldn’t  conceal  his
   astonishment at seeing them together.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER:
 o Time (after, before, on, upon, in, at) IGA-Upon  waking  I  found  myself
   much recovered. IGP-After being looked through, the book was left in  the
   library.
 o Manner (by, in): IGA-The day was spent in packing.  IGP-He  succeeded  in
   finishing the work by being given a helpful hand.
 o Attendant circumstances (without, besides, instead of):IGA- I  passed  by
   without noticing him. IGP- Without being  looked  through  the  documents
   were signed.
 o Purpose(for): IGA-One side of the  hall  was  used  for  dancing.  IGP-He
   thanked them for being given a good advice.
 o Condition(without, in case of): IGA-You can get tickets  without  booking
   them. IGP- You can’t see me without being invited.
 o Cause(for, for fear of, owing to, trough, because of): IGA-I  decided  to
   miss my classes for fear of making a fool of  myself.  IGP-Through  being
   read to, he understood the topic. PGA-I felt better for  having  spent  a
   good deal of my time abroad. PGP-He was in hospital for having  been  run
   by a car.
 o Concession(in spite of/despite): IGA-In  spite  of  being  busy,  he  did
   everything to  help  me.  IGP-In  spite  of  being  looked  through,  the
   documents were not signed. PGA- In spite of having visited  his  parents,
   he missed them very much.
G & Participle:
G may be preceded by a preposition,  may  be  modified  by  a  noun  in  the
possessive case or by a possessive  pronoun,  can  be  used  as  a  subject,
object, predicative. As an adv mod is always preceded by a  preposition.  If
we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person denoted by the  noun
doesn’t perform the action expressed  by  ing-form:  dancing  hall-hall  for
dancing. If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted  by
the pronoun performs the action expressed by the ing-form: a  dancing  girl-
girl who dances. 2 interpretations: hunting dog, sewing machine.
G & VERBAL NOUN:
 o G has double character, verbal noun only nominal.
 o G can’t be used without article, verbal noun-can(I want you  to  give  my
   hair a good brushing).
 o G has no plural form, vn-our likings are  regulated by our circumstanses.
 o G of a transitive verb takes a  direct  object:  He  received  a  lot  of
   letters & had given up in reading them.
 o VN can’t take a direct object, it takes a prepositional object  with  of:
   She was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper.
 o G can be modified by an adverb(drinking, even temperately, was a sin.  VN
   may be modified by an adjective:Hi took a  good  scolding  aout  clodding
   Sam.
 o
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