Grammar.


1. Suddenly they heard a shout & the noise of falling stones.
Falling is an attribute in preposition expressed by PI Ind Act used to
denote an action performed by the noun stones.
2. A channel is a stretch of water, joining two seas of separating two
   bodies of land. Joining & separating are attributes in postposition
   expressed by PI Ind Act used to denote an action referring to no
   particular time.
3. The soil being cultivated now is rich & fertile. Being cultivated is an
   attribute in postposition expressed by PI Ind Pas used to denote an
   action in progress simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
4. The children sat round the fire, Friendly stars ere twinkling overhead,
   but dark hills round the valley seemed frightening. Seemed frightening is
   a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link verb to seem in
   its Past Ind tense form & the predicative frightening expressed by PI Ind
   Act.
5. Judging by their happy faces they enjoyed the scenery. Judging by their
   faces is a participial phrase used as parenthesis.
6. The party who had settled everything with Bob set off North-West towards
   the hills & the mountains of the Lakeland. Who had settled everything
   with Bob is an attributive clause in which the finite verb denotes an
   action prior to that of the finite verb of the principal clause, that’s
   why PI is not used here.
7. While walking to the pond across the meadow, the two friends saw a lot
   of funny grasshoppers hopping here & there. Walking is an adverbial
   modifier of time expressed by PI Ind Act used to denote an action
   simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
8. When in Lake District, the tourists saw lots of lovely lakes. PI Ind of
   the verb to be is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. The clause
   of time when in Lake District is used instead.
9. Being asked to give his impressions of the Lake District he did it
   willingly. Being asked is an adverbial modifier of time expressed by PI
   Ind Pas.
10. Hearing the drumming of the rain on the roof of the house in the night,
   the children woke up. Hearing is an adverbial modifier of time expressed
   by PI Ind Act of the verb of sense perception to hear used to denote an
   action prior to that of the finite verb as the actions expressed by PI &
   the finite verb closely follow each other.
11. Having crawled into his cozy sleeping bag, he fell fast asleep. Having
   crawled is an adverbial modifier of time expressed by PI Perf Act used to
   denote an action prior to that of the finite verb.
12. Having been given two loaves of bread, they left the bakery. Having
   been given is an adverbial modifier of time expressed by PI Perf Pas.
13. Knowing well the English landscape, she wasn’t struck by its “park-
   like” appearance. Knowing is an adverbial modifier of cause expressed by
   PI Ind Act.



14. Being covered with leaf & flower in summer, the hedges look very
   beautiful. Being covered is an adverbial modifier of cause expressed by
   Part I Ind Pas.
15. Having studied the map of Great Britain, she began to learn the topic.
   Having studied is an adverbial modifier of cause expressed by PI Perf
   Act.
16. Having been joined by the canals, they make it possible to travel by
   water from one end of England to the other. Having been joined is an
   adverbial modifier of cause expressed by PI Perf Pas.
17. They sat down in the heather for a rest enjoying the view. Enjoying is
   an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances expressed by PI Ind Act.
18. He went carefully down as if being afraid to get lost. Being afraid is
   an adverbial modifier of comparison expressed by PI Ind Act.
Participle II:
1. “Don’t you think your wife & family miss you greatly?” thought ashamed
   he asked of the unwanted visitor. “I never thought about it,” replied the
   latter delighted, “but now you put it so nicely, I will wire for them to
   come down to join us.” Retired is an attribute in pre-position, expressed
   by PII of the intransitive verb to retire used to denote passing into a
   new state. Though ashamed is an adverbial modifier of concession
   expressed by PII. Unwanted is an attribute in pre-position expressed by
   PII of the transitive verb to want used to denote a passive meaning.
   Delighted is an attribute in post-position expressed by PII.
2. Arriving at the Washington Zoo one day just as the monkey house was
   being closed for the day, the sightseers were surprised when they heard
   some terrific screams coming from the building. When asked, one of the
   keepers smiled & said, “The monkeys always act like that when we shut out
   the visitors. I think they get so much fun of watching people.” Were
   surprised is a compound nominal predicate which consists of the link-verb
   to be in its Past Ind tense-form & the predicative surprised expressed by
   PII. Some terrific screams coming is a complex object expressed by the
   Objective Participial Construction in which PI Ind Act coming denoting a
   process is in predicate relation to the doer of the action expressed by
   the participle. When asked is an adverbial modifier of time expressed by
   PII used to denote a pas meaning.
3. I saw Ann playing. Ann playing is a complex object expressed by
   Objective participial construction. PI Ind Act playing is in predicative
   relation to the noun Ann in common case(to the pronoun her in the
   objective case). After the verb of sense perception to see.
4. She was walking along the street. She walking is a complex Subject
   expressed by the subjective participial construction in which PI Ind Act
   is in predicate relation to the pronoun she in the nominative case(to the
   noun in the common case) which is the Subject of the sentence.
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