Темы по английскому языку.




                           The Englishmen

    The basic population of England is about 45 millions people. Live also
    in Ireland and outside British islands in English dominions and
    settlements and other countries. The English language concerns to West-
    German group Indo-European  languages. The majority of believers of
    England belongs to English church, 3-4 million - to Catholic; it is a
    lot of the members various Protestants sects incorporated under the
    general name "Free churches ".
    The English people has developed as a result of mixture and long
    assimilation diverse ethnic of elements. One of most ancient
    inhabitants of British islands were celts tribes, put up here about
    middle 1-st millennium B.C. In V-VI centuries of our era on islands
    have moved from continent german tribes - Saxon, Jute. They by a part
    assimilated celts, by a part have pushed aside them in mountains of
    Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Usual in VII-X centuries on the basis of
    german and celts tribes nationality Anglosaxon has undergone to
    significant influence Scandinavian, won in VIII-IX centuries some areas
    of England. The most important event in ethnic of a history of England
    - Normann a gain of England 1066. Prevailing a situation in the country
    have occupied Franconormann barons; the French language has become
    official language, though the people continued to speak on Anglosaxon
    language. Gradually (to XIII-XIV to centuries) Anglosaxon and Normanns
    have merged in a uniform English nationality a generality.
    In XVI century develops colloquial and lithuanian language. English
    bourgeois revolution has finished XVII centuries in the basic process
    formation of a English nation. In XVII-XIX centuries many Englishmen
    have moved in seized by England colonies and become one of main
    components in formation of a line of a nation of the Americans of USA,
    anglo-Canadian, Australian.
    The originality of a history of development of England has put a print
    on many parties of life of England - promoted preservation of a line of
    traditional features in a life and public life. A vertical arrangement
    of apartments in dwelling, chimney heating in ancient houses, in food -
    traditional national dishes till now is kept. The adherence to the old
    forms both traditions in public and private  life is characteristic
    also to images for bourgeois and finely bourgeois of circles. In life
    of England large importance have the various societies  and clubs.
    England - native land of millions sports games; the English sports
    terms and expressions have come in use of almost all European peoples.
    The oral national creativity of England is rich, the English ballads
    executing under accompanement of a violin and harp are most known.


    English language

    Concerns to West-German group Indo-European of languages. In English
    speak and use in state office-work, literature and science, about 200
    millions the person - in Great Britain and Ireland, in USA, Canada,
    Australia New of Zealand, partially in Southern Africa and India. One
    of five official and working languages accepted ООН. The English
    language conducts the beginning from language Old German племен, moved
    in V-VI centuries from continent in Britain. The complex interaction
    Old German tribe`s of adverbs brought in Britain, occupied celtes
    tribes, and formation, developing in conditions, English nationality,
    has resulted in formation territorial dialects on old tribe`s to a
    basis. Due to economic and political influence Wessecs kingdom in IX-X
    centuries in cultural life of England the greatest meaning has got
    wessecs a dialect.
    The ambassador penetration into England in VI century of a christianity
    the latin alphabet has replaced Old German runes, and the influence of
    latin language was reflected in English lexicon. From subdual
    Anglosaxons celts of the population of Britain, thus, geographical
    names were kept. Forays Scandinavians, finished by submission of
    England in 1016 to the Danish king, have caused creation of
    Scandinavian settlements in the country. The interaction kindred of
    languages - English and Scandinavian - had an effect available in
    modern English language, significant quantity of words of a
    Scandinavian origin, and also some fanatical features describing
    dialects of northern England.
    During formation a nation there was a formation of national English
    language developing on the basis of a London dialect, which combined in
    itself southern and western-central dialect features. The introduction
    in England book-printing (1476) promoted fastening to distribution of
    the London forms, to that popularity of product of a large writer D.
    Choler (1340-1400) writing on a London dialect has helped much.
    In second half XVII century and especially in XVIII century is issued
    sets of managements on and normative grammar, which authors aspire to
    order grammatic norms of language: one - on the basis of rational
    grammar, others - proceeding from the alive use of the forms of
    language.
    Colonians the expansion of England in XVII-XVIII centuries has caused
    distribution of English language outside Great Britain and has resulted
    in occurrence of some regional differences.
    It is possible to explain differences of American variant of English
    language from British to that first settler in northern America of the
    profit from London and his vicinities, and laster were birthes from
    northern Great Britain and Ireland. The distinction between American
    and British variants of English language most of all has an effect in
    lexicon and somewhat in phonetics; difference in grammar insignificant.

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