Топики для экзаменов в 9-11 классах.


London Olympic games  sports in Russia sports in GB   My favourit writer
Famof England
Olymp. Sport in GB London GrBr. .  Famous and in GB My Fav writer. Holidays
in GB and in Rus  Environmental.
                        Why Am I Proud of My Country?
I live in Russian Federation and I am very proud of my country. First of
all Russian Federation is the biggest country in the world. It occupies
about one seventh of earth surface. Its total area about 17 million square
kilometers.
 Lots of famous people were born in Russia: writers, painters, musicians,
scientists sportsmen. Our writers are known all over the world. For example
Pushkin. His 200-year anniversary is celebrated all over the world. Lev
Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”
Became the favorite book for lots of people. In lots of Museums in the
world there are collections of paintings of our painters: Vasnetsov,
Levitan, Perov, Aivazovsky.
We have good traditions in music. Our composers Tchaikovky, Glinka,
Prokofiev  are very popular. And our modern rock groups are giving concerts
abroad. E.G. Mumiy Troll is giving concerts in London and New York. Our
famous pop singer Philip Kirkorov has been awarded at big festival.
 Our country is very powerful one. Our armies won lots of war. And we won
the greatest war.
 Nowdays Russia is in crisis. In economical and political ones. But i
believe that it will finish soon and Russia will rise again.
                              Books in my life.
  A book is one of the greatest wonders of world. Why  are  so  many  people
fond of reading? The world of books is full of wonders.  Together  with  the
characters of books you can find yourself  in different and countries,  have
a lot of adventures. The book is a faithful friend.  They  form  our  values
and characters. We try to  look  like  the  characters  of  your   favourite
books: to be brave, honest, not to be silly and greedy, to be real  friends.
We enjoyed the beauty and wisdom of fairy-tales  and  fables  when  we  were
babies  and  Granny  read  them.  They  taught  us  to  be   kind,   clever,
hardworking, to understand other people and help  them.  They  teach  us  to
understand the beauty of nature, take care of it, to love our motherland.
  Books have been with us since childhood. Who hasn’t  read  «Alice  in  the
wonderland», «Mowgli»?  Who hasn’t  travelled  with  Marry  Poppins  to  her
imaginary world?  Who hasn’t imagined himself to be Robinson Crusoe  on  the
deserted island?
   I have read a lot of interesting books, but my  favourite  book  is  «The
adventures of Tom Sawyer» by Mark Twain. This  well-known  book  is  popular
with the children all over the world.
   The main character of the book is Tom Sawyer, who lived in a  small  town
on the Mississippi  River. He was a boy with a wild imagination. He and  his
friends often dreamed of different adventures. Tom  was  naughty,  kind  and
brave. Besides he was noble. I like this boy because he  teaches  us  to  be
true friends.
    If you are not fond of reading, take a book to your liking or borrow  it
from the library and read it. Books are worth reading.  They  are  our  good
friends.
                             Sports in my life.
    I you want to feel fit you’d better go in for one kind of sport or
another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healthy.
Good health is better than the best medicine. «You have a sound mind in a
sound body» as the old Latin saying goes. The English proverb «Sickness in
the body brings sickness to the mind»  expresses a similar idea but from
different point of view. All kinds of physical exercises are very useful to
make our bodies strong and to keep ourselves fit and healthy. To tell the
truth I don’t do sports regularly and it is not an essential part of my
daily life. In the morning I don't do any exercises. In summer I go
swimming as there is a beautiful river with pure water where my Granny
lives. In winter, it’s rather long at our place, I should say, I prefer
toboganning (There is nothing like the sight of a winter forest - a real
fairy-tale). I like to ride the bike and toboganning in winter. Mum says
that I’m to old to do it, why not after all? I shouldn’t call myself a
sports fan. Of course , I like to watch sports competitions on TV .
Fortunately , they show different ones - football , basketball . I like
tennis tournaments very much . I think , it’s a very intelligent kind of
sport for clever thinking people . Also I like skiing championships ,
biathlon , swimming . But what I like most is football . The best games are
showed on TV. I like basketball too. I came to know that modern basketball
appeared in 1891 in the USA. The originator, John Naismith was a coach at
the college. He invented the baskets and the rules of the game. Since then
basketball has be become very popular and is spread all over the world. It
is the sport of strong tall men, the sport of giants.
    Doing sports a man become strong and healthy. He begins to take care of
his health.
   «Good health is better than wealth», you know. It’s true, I should say.
In our school we have a nice gym. Sports and games are popular among
pupils. A lot of children train at special sport schools.
                      Why do I learn English Language?
    The great German poet Goethe once said: «He who know no foreign
language does not know  his own one.  Learning foreign languages is
specially important nowadays. Some people learn foreign languages because
they need them in their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying
languages is a hobby.
    Every year thousands of people from Russia go  to  different   countries
as tourists or to work. They can not go without knowing the language of  the
country they are going to. A modern engineer or even a worker can  not  work
with an imported instrument or a machine if he  is  not  able  to  read  the
instruction how to do it. Ordinary people need language to  translation  the
instruction or the  manual  to  the  washing-machine  or  a  vacuum-cleaner,
medicine or even food-products.
    Some people are as a rule  polyglots.  Historians  diplomats  need  some
languages for their work. If  you want to be a  classified  specialist   you
must learn  English, the language of  international communication.
    English is  one  of  the  world   languages.  It  is  the  language   of
progressive science and technology, trade and cultural  relations,  commerce
and business. It  is  the  universal  language  of  international  aviation,
shipping and sports. It is also the major language  of  diplomacy.  Hundreds
and hundreds of books, magazines and newspapers   are  printed  in  English,
most of the world’s mail and telephone calls are in  English.  Half  of  the
world’s scientific literature is written in English. English  is  spoken  by
more than  350 million people.  Geographically, it is the  most   widespread
language on earth, second after Chinese. It is the official language of  the
UK, the USA , of Australia and New  Zealand,  it  is  used  as  one  of  the
official languages in Canada, the South Africa.  Millions  of  people  study
and use English as a foreign  language.  In  our  country  English  is  very
popular. It is studied  at schools, colleges and universities.
     Learning English is not an easy thing. It is a long  process and  takes
a lot of time  and  patience.  But  to  know  English  today  is  absolutely
necessary for every educated person. I  want to know  English  because  it’s
interesting for me to know foreign countries, their cultures and  tradition.
English will be  of  great  use  in  my  future  profession  connected  with
computers.
                                   Moscow
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and
cultural centre. It was founded 8 centurys ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in
1147. Gradually the city became more and more powerfull. In the 13th
century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the
liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the
Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter
the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712; Moscow remained the
heart of Russia. That's why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack.
After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.
Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about
nine hundred square kilometres. The population of the city is over 8
million.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of
Moscow is Red Square. The Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral (Vasily
Blazheny) are masterpieces of encient Russian architecture. On the
territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Palace of
Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell
in the world. St. Basil's Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in
memory of the victory over Kazan.
One of the well-known Kremlin museums is the Armouty Chamber. The famous
golden cap of Monomach, the first Russian imperial crown of Catherin the
second and many other historical items are exhibited there.
There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The Historical Museum, the
Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world
famous and the largest.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best-known of them are Bolshoi, Maly
and Art theatres.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of
political life of the country.

                          Famous People of Russia.
   Much was done by people to reach the present state of human  development.
It is necessary to say that great contribution to  the  development  of  the
world science and culture, literature, music and painting was  made  by  the
Russian  people.  The  names  of  Russian  scientists  and  writers,  poets,
composers  and  painters  are   world-famous-Pushkin,   Lermontov,   Chehov,
Levitan. This chain can be endless.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  name  a
branch of science  in  the  development  of  which  the  Russian  scientists
haven’t played the greatest role.  Lomonosov,  the  founder  of  the  Moscow
University  was  an  outstanding  innovator  both  in  the  humanities   and
sciences.  Mendeleev’s  greatest  discovery  was  the  Periodic  System   of
Elements. Popov  invented  radio.  Sechenov  and  Pavlov  were  the  world’s
greatest physiologists. Russia is rightly called the mother of aviation  and
cosmounatics. Names of Tsiolkovsky, Korolov and Gagarin are symbols  of  new
space era.
   People in many  countries  admire  paintings,  portraits  and  landscapes
Surikov,  Levitan,  Repin  works  of  our  Russian  writes  and  poets   are
translated into many languages.
   I want  to  tell  about  one  of  the  greatest  Russians.  Pyotr  Ilyich
Tchaikovsky, an outstanding Russian composer, was born in Votkinsk in  1840.
He was fond of  music  since  his  early  childhood.  His  mother  sang  him
beautiful songs and taught him to play the  piano.  He  graduated  from  the
Petersburg  Conservatoire  only  in  1866  because  of   his   poor   living
conditions. He was the best  pupil  of  Anton  Rubinstein.  Wen  the  Moscow
Conservatoire was founded Pyotr Ilyich became a professor there.
   He created wonderful music: 10 operas, 3 ballets, 6 symphonies,  7  large
symphonic poems and many other musical pieces.
   «Eugene Onegin», a new type of opera, was a great success  all  over  the
world «His Swan Lake», «The Nutckracker», «The Sleeping Beauty  are  musical
masterpieces.  In  his  music  he  used  folk  melodies  for   the   musical
descriptions of Russian nature  and  life.  His  compositions  are  full  of
realist.
                             Seasons & Wheather
  Englishmen say «There is no bad weather, there are bad clothes», It  means
that they like all the seasons, all kinds of weather. Every season  is  good
in its own way. Each person likes this or that season.  It  depends  on  his
character, mood. They say that Pushkin liked autumn very much.  This  season
is full of colours, bright and tasty. The sky is blue,  but  sometimes  grey
clouds appear. The sun shines but it begins to hide behind the  clouds.  Its
rays  are not so warm. Autumn is full of  vegetables  and  fruit,  mushrooms
and berries. There is nothing like Indian summer  in autumn. As  for  me,  I
like to walk  on the carpet of bright leaves listen to  the  last  songs  of
birds flying to warm countries, look at the nature.  It  is  like  a  fairy-
tale. It fades away and nothing can  be  done.  Soon  drizzling  rains  will
begin and everything will be dull and sad. But still I like autumn.
   Winter in Razvilka  is long and severe with  dark  nights,  bitter  wings
and hard frosts. Even sometimes you can see a quiet winter  frosty  day.  It
is snowing. Fluffy soft snowflakes  are  falling  to  the  ground  making  a
beautiful thick carpet. The icecles glitter in the  sun  the  snow  sparkles
like diamond. Going outdoors in such weather is pleasant. Many people go  to
the forests and enjoy toboganing  and skiing, playing snowballs  and  making
a snowman.
   As for spring, people in Razvilka  dream  about  it  during  long  winter
days. It comes late but suddenly. I don’t like it because  my  town  becomes
grey. But spring is the beginning of new life. Nature awakens from its  long
winter sleep. The trees begin  to  bud  and  soon  tiny  green  leaves  will
appear. Young green grass appear, fruit trees begin to  blossom.  Everything
looks magic covered with green carpet. Nature looks full of promise.
   I like summer because we have holiday  and  enjoy  resting  after  school
year.
   In my opinion every season is beautiful and attractive.
                                 TRAVELLING.
 People are fond of traveling. They spend  their  holidays  traveling.  They
travel to see  other  countries   and  continents,  to  learn  a  lot  about
people’s traditions, to enjoy picturesque  places.  It  is  interesting  for
them to discover new things, different  ways  of  life,  to  meet  different
people, to try different food.
  Those who live in the country like to  find  themselves  in  large  cities
with their shops, cinemas, crowds of people. City-dwellers  usually  like  a
quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains with nothing to do but  walking
and bathing, lazying in the sun. Most travelers and holiday  makers  take  a
camera with them and take pictures  of  everything  that  interests  them  -
beautiful views of waterfalls, forests, unusual plants  and  animals.  These
photos will remind them of the happy time of holiday.
  These are many ways of traveling - by train, by plain, by ship,  on  foot.
Everyone chooses his favourite one. My favourite way is traveling by  plain.
And  not because it is  very  comfortable.  It  is  exciting.  I  also  like
traveling by train. I’ve traveled this way a lot. When you are in the  train
you can see the beauty of nature.
  I envy the tourists because I think that they  study  geography  traveling
and visiting different parts of the world. They can  tell  you  many  things
which you didn’t know before.
  They are  interesting  people  from  whom  you  can  learn  much  new  for
yourself. Any kind of travel helps you to understand many  things  that  you
can never see or learn at home. Though you may read about them in books  and
newspapers.
  As for me I’d like to have a coach tour to  some  foreign  country.  Coach
tours are planned and I’ll have a chance to do a  lot  of  sightseeings  and
have a good rest at the same time.
                                  Hobbies.
             Hobby is what a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbies
differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character
and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. The
most popular hobby is doing things. It includes a wide variety of
activities from gardening to traveling, from chess to volleyball. Both
grown-ups and children are fond  of playing different computer games. This
hobby is becoming more and more popular. Making things include drawing,
painting, handicrafts. Many people collect  something - coins, stamps,
compact discs, toys, books. Some collections have some value. Rich people
often collect paintings, rare things and other art objects. Often such
private collections are given to museums, libraries.
   As for me, I like to listen to music. I have a CD Man. I like different
music, it should be good. I collect discs of my  favourite groups and
singers. I carefully study the information printed on discbooklets. I try
to find  everything about my favourite singers. Also I like to watch music
programmes  on TV.  I want  to keep up with the news in the world of music.
   Of course, I like to spend my spare time with my friends. We talk about
all sorts of things ( politics, teachers, girls). We discuss films, books,
TV  programmes. In fine weather we like to be in the open air. We find  a
nice place somewhere in the forest. We make a fire, bake potatoes and have
a lot  of fun. When the weather is bad, my friends come to my place. We
have a good time together.
                          Environmental protection.
The poisoning of the world's and,air, and water is the fastest-spreading
disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars,
earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest
dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next
several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation,
pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as
massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming
that is believed to be coused by the greenhouse effect.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear
waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already
nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of
extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to
live in the seas.
Every ten minutes one kind of enimal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If
nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will
have become extinct twenty years from now. Air population is a very serious
problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening- equivalent to
smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City
and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union.
Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substunces. These emissions
have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for
the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
An even greater environmental threat are nuclear power stations. We all
know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.
People are beginning to realise that environmenta problems are not somebody
else's. They join and support various international organosation and green
parties. If governments wake up to what is happening- perhaps we'll be able
to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with
it.
                                       My visiting card.
My name is ANdrey Brysiev. I'm 14 years old. I likve in settlement of
Razvilka. It is situated near Moscow, capital of Russia.I go to school in
Razvilka. I go to the 9th form "Д". I have a rather big family - Father,
Mother, sister and granddad and me.
My Father and mother work nearby my house, in Gas Institute. My father is
Head of Laboratory. My mother is scientific worker. My is retired. He was a
headmaster and a teacher of Geography. I have relatives all over European
Russia: near St. Peterburg, near Volgograd, near Orenburg and more.
 We live in medium flat now. My hobbies are: sports, computing ( especially
playing games), music. My favorite music band is Mumiy Troll. My favorite
kinds of sports are football, basketball, tennis and a lot more. My sign of
the zodiac is Saggitarius. I am a bright represantative of this sign. As
all saggitariuses I am very friendly, optimistic and very funny boy.
Sometimes I laugh too much and have problems with discipline in school. I
like animals and littile children because all are very stupid. I don't know
who I'll be in the future, but it surely will be a job I like.
                         Holidays in Great Britain,
There are fewer public holidays in Great Britain than in other European
countries. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good
Friday, Easter Monday. May Day, Spring Bank Holiday and Summer Bank
Holiday. Public holidays in Britain are called bank holidays, because the
banks as well as most of the offices and shops are closed.
The most popular holiday is Christmas. Every year the people of Norways
give the city of London a present. It's a big Christmas tree and it stands
in Trafalgar Square. Central streets are beutifuly decorated. There are
lots of traditions and customs dedicated to the Christmas day.
 People decorate ther trees on the 24th of December. Children hang
stockings at the end of their bed, hoping that Father Christmas will come
down the chimney during the night and fill them with toys and sweets.
Christams is a family holiday. The 26th of December, Boxing Day, is an
extra holiday after Christmas Day.
 New Year's Day is less popular in Britain than Christmas. But in Scotland
Hogmanay is the biggest festival of the year. Besides public holidays there
are some special festivals in Great Britain. On that day British burn a
dummy, made of straw and old clothes, on a bonfire and let off fireworks.
This dummy is called a "guy" (like Guy Fawkes and children can often be
seen in the streets before the 5th of November, saying, "Penny for the
guy." If they collect enough money they can buy some fireworks.
 There are also smaller, local festivals in Britain.
                                Great Britain
The United Kingdom of G.B. and Northen Irelands is situated on the British
Isles. The British Isles consists of two large islands, G.B. and Ireland,
and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000
square kilometres.
The UK is made up of four countries:England, Wales, Scotland and Northen
Ireland. GB consists of England, Scotland and Wales and doesn't include
Northen Ireland. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from European continent by the North Sea
and the English Channel. The western coast of GB is washed by the Atlantic
Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is
mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has
beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands.
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is
the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important
one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters if Gulf Stream
influence the climate of the British Isles. The weather in GB is very
changeable. A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon and evening and
the wrong side out. The english people say:"Other countries have a climate;
in England we have weather." The English also say that they have three
variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the
afternoon or t\when it rains all day long.
The weather is the favourite conversational topic in GB. After they greet
each other they start talking the weather.
The best time of the year in GB is spring(of course, it rains in spring
too). The two worst months in britain are January and February. They are
cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by
the big fire. Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy
days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad
for the summer.
The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This  is
extremely bad in big cities especially in London. The fog spreads
everywhere so cars move along slowly and people can't see each other. They
try not to be run over by a car but still accidents are frequent in the
fog.
                           The Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies
about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of
Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million
square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans:the
Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China,
Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders
on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has
a sea-borders with the USA.
There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and
vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests
in the midland, tundra and taiga in the nirth, highlands and deserts in the
east.
There are two great plains in Russia:the Great Russian Plain and the West
Siberian Lowland. There are several mountains chains on the territory of
the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest
mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the
Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers- the Ob, the
Yenisei and the Lena- flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far
East flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Russia is reach in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake is Lake
Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more
water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that
if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the
European north of the country, in Syberia and in the Far East.
On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate,
from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the
country the climate is temperate and continental.
Russia is very reach in oil, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and
other mineral resources.
Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The
legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific,
cultural and industrial centre. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.
At present, the political and economic situationn in the country is rather
complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the
Russian Federation. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are
constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high. People are losing
their jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt.
But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot
of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in
the world. I'm sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to
make Russia as strong and powerful as it used to be.
                             Holidays in Russia.
There are many holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not
work and special celebrations.
The major holidays are: New Year's Day, Women's Day, May Day, Victory Day,
and Independence Day.
 The first holiday of the year is New Year Day. People see the new year in
at midnight on the 31st of December. They greet the New Year with champagne
and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o'clock.
 There are lots of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a
New Year tree glittering with coloured lights and decorations, Children
always wait for Father Frost to come and give them a present. Many people
consider New Year's Day to be a family holiday. But the young prefer to
have New Year Parties of their own.
 A renewed holiday in our Country is Christmas. It is celebrated on the 7th
of January. It's religious holiday and a lot of people go to church servies
on that day.
 On the 8th of March we celebrate Women's day when men are supposed to do
everything about the house and cook all the meals.
 The greatest national holiday in our country is Victory Day. On the 9th of
May, 1945, the Soviet Army and its allies completely defeated the German
fascists and the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War ended. Few
years ago we celebrated 50th year anniversry of this great event.
 Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June,
1992, the first President of Russia was elected.
 We also celebrate Day of the Defender of Motherland on the 23rd of
February, Easter, Day of Knowledge and lots of professional holidays which
are not public.