Оригинал на английском:
Focus on Syntax
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT PUNCTUATION
Commas are mainly used in the following cases:
1. In enumerating, except for a final item preceded by the conjunction AND. There were apples, pears, oranges and peaches in the bowl. The town was cold, dark and inhospitable.
2. In tag questions and responses. You are coming, aren’t you? Yes, thank you. No, I won’t.
3. With vocatives and interjections.
“Fred, it’s disgusting. You’re cheating people who trust you’’
“What did you do, daddy?” he asked.
“Oh, no, Headmistress, that can’t be right!”
Well, what do you think they have done?
4. In reporting speech.
He said, “Now it’s time to begin.” “Now it’s time to begin,” he said, “and you will be the first to speak.”
5. In clauses.
a) Normally commas are used if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause. If you don’t come, she will be offended. But: She will be offended if you don’t come.
b) Subordinate or comment clauses that provide additional information or that elaborate information given in the main clause are separated by a comma.
It won’t help you, to be honest.
To tell you the truth, I don’t believe him.
You don’t need to shout, if I may say so.
c) Commas are also used to mark non-defining relative clauses. Mrs Richardson, whose photo you saw yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
Commas are not mainly used in these cases:
1. Defining relative clauses which do not add to or amplify a statement are not punctuated by a comma.
The house which you built in the country is not very conveniently situated.
Some people who came to the party were strangers to us.
2. Normally there are no commas between clauses separated by AND, OR and BUT, though they may be used.
There was a muddy pond in the garden(,) and this was the home of some frogs.
In American English commas in this case are used more often than in British English.
37. There are no commas in the sentences below. Say where they must be or may be.
I. Well Matilda aren’t you going outside with the others? 2. Oh I was. I was flying past the stars on silver wings. 3. They passed the greengrocer and then they came out at the other side of the village. 4. You won’t tell anyone about this will you? 5. Calm yourself down child calm yourself down. 6. It is quite possible that you are a phenomenon but I’d rather you didn’t think about yourself like that. 7. “By the way” Ma said “did you do anything about the car?” 8. She was a sweet gentle and caring creature. 9. It was cool dark and very unpleasant downstairs. 10. If you write an email now he will get it immediately Bess believe me. 11. Pop departed across the field to the truck and Mr Charlton at once felt much more himself. 12. When he first asked me I laughed at the question. 13. Have you ever heard of Max Preston who came to our school last month? 14. The woman had a small suitcase a box an h-bag and an umbrella.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT PUNCTUATION
Commas are mainly used in the following cases:
1. In enumerating, except for a final item preceded by the conjunction AND. There were apples, pears, oranges and peaches in the bowl. The town was cold, dark and inhospitable.
2. In tag questions and responses. You are coming, aren’t you? Yes, thank you. No, I won’t.
3. With vocatives and interjections.
“Fred, it’s disgusting. You’re cheating people who trust you’’
“What did you do, daddy?” he asked.
“Oh, no, Headmistress, that can’t be right!”
Well, what do you think they have done?
4. In reporting speech.
He said, “Now it’s time to begin.” “Now it’s time to begin,” he said, “and you will be the first to speak.”
5. In clauses.
a) Normally commas are used if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause. If you don’t come, she will be offended. But: She will be offended if you don’t come.
b) Subordinate or comment clauses that provide additional information or that elaborate information given in the main clause are separated by a comma.
It won’t help you, to be honest.
To tell you the truth, I don’t believe him.
You don’t need to shout, if I may say so.
c) Commas are also used to mark non-defining relative clauses. Mrs Richardson, whose photo you saw yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
Commas are not mainly used in these cases:
1. Defining relative clauses which do not add to or amplify a statement are not punctuated by a comma.
The house which you built in the country is not very conveniently situated.
Some people who came to the party were strangers to us.
2. Normally there are no commas between clauses separated by AND, OR and BUT, though they may be used.
There was a muddy pond in the garden(,) and this was the home of some frogs.
In American English commas in this case are used more often than in British English.
37. There are no commas in the sentences below. Say where they must be or may be.
I. Well Matilda aren’t you going outside with the others? 2. Oh I was. I was flying past the stars on silver wings. 3. They passed the greengrocer and then they came out at the other side of the village. 4. You won’t tell anyone about this will you? 5. Calm yourself down child calm yourself down. 6. It is quite possible that you are a phenomenon but I’d rather you didn’t think about yourself like that. 7. “By the way” Ma said “did you do anything about the car?” 8. She was a sweet gentle and caring creature. 9. It was cool dark and very unpleasant downstairs. 10. If you write an email now he will get it immediately Bess believe me. 11. Pop departed across the field to the truck and Mr Charlton at once felt much more himself. 12. When he first asked me I laughed at the question. 13. Have you ever heard of Max Preston who came to our school last month? 14. The woman had a small suitcase a box an h-bag and an umbrella.